Accomplishments and Expertise

• Solution-based Nucleation, Precipitation, Ripening, Growth and Crystallization Processes (including 4 cation systems, e.g., La-Sr-Ga-Zn or La-Sr-Ga-Mg oxides)

• Aqueous or Non-aqueous Hydrothermal Synthesis of Crystalline, Cryptocrystalline or Amorphous Materials (including C-S-H or C-A-S-H phases of cement industry)

• Wet Chemical Synthesis of Carbonates, Phosphates, Silicates, Aluminosilicates, Gallates, Hydroxides, Hydroxycarbonates, Aluminates, Ferrites, Borates, Titanates, Zirconates

• Powder Metallurgy (ceramic powder processing for advanced ceramics of the 20^th century did emerge from the fundamentals of powder metallurgy)

• Wet chemical synthesis of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) ceramic powders using novel approaches

• Bioceramics | Novel Abiotic Biomineralization Solutions (including SBF solutions)

• Granulation (porous & non-porous) | Granule Processing

• Synthesis of Macro- and/or Micro-porous Inorganic Materials

• Calcium phosphate (HA, b-TCP, a-TCP, HA-TCP, monetite, brushite, rhenanite, apatitic/cryptocrystalline CaP (Ap-CaP), tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP), octacalcium phosphate (OCP), struvite, amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), and calcium phosphate self-setting injectable cements)-based synthetic bone graft development | In Vitro Cell Culture

• Biomimetic Coatings on Metals, Ceramics and Polymers

• Single Crystal Whisker Synthesis using The Molten Salt Method and Fluxes

• Calcium Phosphate-Biopolymer (Collagen, Gelatin, Polyvinyl alcohol, Cellulose, etc.) Hybrids

• Cement & Concrete Industry Decarbonization | Cement hydration and carbonation
• Chemistry/Processing of Calcium Silicate- or Magnesium Silicate-based Cements

• CO₂ Capture | CO₂ Mineralization | Accelerated Weathering | Carbonation/Carbonatation Processes and Systems

• CO₂-curing Chamber Design | CO₂ Mineralization | CO₂ Uptake by Materials

• Gas-Liquid-Solid Equilibria in Cementitious Systems under Carbonation

• Development of Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCM) | Cement Reduction in Concrete

• Concrete Admixture (liquid or solid) Development

• Conventional Aerated Concrete | CO₂-cured Aerated Concrete | Aluminothermic reactions

• X-ray Diffraction, Crystallography, Rietveld analysis, Mineralogy, Electron microscopy, Optical microscopy, SEM-EDXS, SEM-WDXS, XRF, FTIR, ATR-FTIR, Raman, XPS, Surface Roughness, Isothermal calorimetry, Viscometry/Rheology, Surface tension, Surface area, Contact angle goniometry, Particle Size Analysis, Chemisorption, Thermal Analysis (TGA, TGA-DTA, TGA-DSC, TGA-FTIR, TGA-MS), Melting point (liquidus T) determination in very high temperature systems

• Product Launching (FDA-approved Calcibon^Ò Granules and CO₂-cured Aerated Concrete for Solidia Technologies+Asahi Kasei of Japan): passing through the steps of ideation | benchtop proof-of-concept | pilot scale | industrial scale (TRL-7)

• Development and Testing of Products in accord with ASTM, DIN, BS, EN, JIS or ISO standards

• Patentable Idea and Intellectual Property Generation

• Patent Strategy Development in a Company

• R&D Leadership & Mentoring | Stage-Gate, Agile & Technology Readiness Level Methodologies

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Author wrote more than 15,000 pages of technical reports, notes and IP documents, since July 2015, mostly based on experimental data collected from the experiments he designed during his industrial tenures (focused on decarbonization of the cement and concrete industry and CO₂ mineralization) at

Solidia Technologies, Inc.,

Queens Carbon and

Carbon Limit,

and those are not even mentioned here (except citing the issued patents or opened patent applications).

The below-mentioned academia-based earlier research and development background then helped the author to be able to come up with those 15K+ pages of technical notes and a significant number of industrial patents in his later life.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CO₂ mineralization and CaCO₃ (or hydrated or anhydrous Mg-carbonates) nucleation and formation research:

• US patents and patent applications: 12,098,104 / 12,012,365 / 12,012,362 / 11,767,264 / 11,731,906 / 11,667,573 / 11,518,715 / 11,352,297 / 10,662,116 / 10,351,478 / 9,108,860 / 8,470,280 / US 2023 0382792 A1 / US 2023 0023151 A1 / US 2022 0267208 A1 / US 2020 0062660 A1/ WO2021257757 (WIPO-PCT)

• How to synthesize apatitic calcium phosphate (Ap-CaP)?

• Amorphous magnesium carbonate (AMC)

• Amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC)

• Monohydrocalcite and ikaite

• Calcium bicarbonate (Ca(HCO₃)₂) solutions

• Magnesian-calcite globules of a sea star

• Aragonite coating solutions (=ACS): innovating simple aqueous solutions inspired by the seawater

• Synthesis of CaCO₃ (Vaterite) biconvex micropills or microtablets Biconvex Micropills of CaCO₃ (←missing photo of this link) CaCO₃ micropills

US Patent 8,470,280 for the first biconvex micropills for any material system known on earth

• Calcite (CaCO₃)-based Macroporous Calcium Phosphate Cements for bone repair

• Use of Vaterite and Calcite in Forming Calcium Phosphate Cement Scaffolds

• Vaterite pills and aragonite synthesis

Synthesis of optically-transparent aragonite single crystals

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

• Summary of the contributions of A. C. Tas to calcium phosphate bioceramics

• Production of micro- and macro-porous materials

• Manufacture of porous granules (Calcibon^TM Granules) for the use of orthopedic and maxillofacial surgeons starting with an alpha-TCP (tricalcium phosphate)-based self-setting calcium phosphate biocement

• Monodisperse, Amorphous Calcium Phosphate (ACP) Nanoparticles

• Why (and how) did researchers of the previous century use blood plasma-like synthetic biomineralization solutions, instead of distilled or deionized water, to synthesize biomimetic calcium phosphates?

• Aragonite coating solutions (ACS)

• Monetite (Dicalcium phosphate anhydrous = DCPA = CaHPO₄) bioceramic cement for orthopedic and dental applications (developed in 2005-2006)

• The use of calcium metal: How to synthesize calcium phosphates in biomimetic saline solutions, over the pH range of 9 to 12.5, without adding any strong base such as NH₄OH, NaOH or KOH?

• Biocompatible calcium phosphates with a BET surface area of 900 m²/g

• Partial Regeneration of Collagen from Water-Soluble Gelatin upon Cooling

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Biomineralization and biomimetic synthesis studies:

• Developed 8 different biomineralization/calcification media (click the below names of media to see their peer-reviewed publications):

1.) 27 mM HCO3-Tris-SBF

2.) Lac-SBF

3.) 10xSBF

4.) Brushite-solution

5.) BM-3

6.) BM-7

7.) ACS

8.) SIEM

• Na-lactate and lactic acid-buffered (i.e., Tris or Hepes-free) new physiological solution (Lac-SBF) for in vitro biomineralization experiments or in biomimetic materials synthesis

• How to prepare and use a Tris-buffered SBF solution (a biomineralization medium) which perfectly mimic the bicarbonate ion concentration (i.e., 27 mM) of human blood plasma?

• What is biomimetic synthesis? High surface area, ionically doped (substituted) Bone-like Calcium Phosphate nano-materials in (Tas-SBF) Synthetic Body Fluids at 36.5°C and pH 7.4

• Biomimetic synthesis of amorphous calcium phosphate nanoparticles

• Biomimetic synthesis of poorly crystalline (cryptocrystalline) apatitic calcium phosphate nanoparticles

• Apatite-like calcium phosphate nanopowders having a BET surface area of 900 m²/g were synthesized at +4°C

• Simple biomimetic synthesis of monodisperse amorphous calcium phosphate nanospheres (in our BM-7 solution)

• Enzyme Urease-containing Urea-SBF media for biomaterials synthesis (pH stabilized at 7.4, 36.5°C)

• A biomimetic procedure for transforming brushite into octacalcium phosphate (OCP, Ca₈(HPO₄)₂(PO₄)₄ 5H₂O) in DMEM cell culture solutions at 36.5°C

• Grade-1, pure titanium immersed in DMEM (Hepes-buffered and phenol red-free) cell culture solution at 36.5°C forms amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) on its surface

• Brushite (CaHPO₄·2H₂O) maturation

• Comparison of SBF (synthetic body fluid) solutions and bone cell response on coatings obtained from different SBF solutions

• Na- and K-doped brushite bioceramic and its biomimetic mineralization to nanoapatite

• 10xSBF solution (another biomineralization medium) for the rapid coating of metals, ceramics or polymers at room temperature

• DMEM, (Dulbecco s Modified Eagle Medium; HEPES-buffered, phenol red-free ) solutions can be used in place of SBF (Synthetic/Simulated Body Fluid) solutions to test the so-called in vitro bioactivity of synthetic biomaterials

• How to use DMEM instead of SBF solutions to test the aqueous calcification potential of synthetic materials (i.e., ceramics, glasses, metals and polymers)?

• Octacalcium phosphate (OCP, Ca₈(HPO₄)₂(PO₄)₄·5H₂O) bioceramic synthesis in new biomineralization solutions

• How to synthesize high thermal stability hydroxyapatite bioceramic powders which will not decompose into b-TCP upon heating above 1400°C?

• Combustion synthesis: A robust method to incorporate ppm-level biologically relevant ions into synthetic bone graft/bone substitute materials

• In vitro cell culture studies (see link 1, link 2, link 3, link 4, link 5, link 6, link 7)

• Developed porous and carbonated calcium phosphate granules; which are already in clinical use

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Biological cement development for the use of orthopaedic / oral surgeons:

• Self-setting, injectable orthopaedic cement development (see link 1, link 2, link 3, link 4, link 5, link 6)

• the first monetite (Dicalcium phosphate anhydrous = DCPA = CaHPO₄) bioceramic cement for orthopedic and dental applications (developed in 2005-2006)

• Synthesis of tetracalcium phosphate TTCP (Ca₄(PO₄)₂O) bioceramics at 1230 C

• Synthesis of alpha-tricalcium phosphate (a-Ca₃(PO₄)₂) bioceramics

• CaHPO₄ (monetite)-CaSO₄ composite cements for bone tissue engineering

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Coating of titanium or collagen with biocompatible calcium phosphates:

• Contact angle measurements and in vitro cell culture on alkali-treated titanium bone implant materials

• Biomimetic coating of titanium foams (and wires) for clinical applications and osteoblast proliferation

• A practical remedy to the problem of crack formation in biomimetic coatings (i.e., via synthetic body fluid, SBF) of implants

• Coating of porous collagen membranes (sponges) with synthetic, apatitic calcium phosphate (i.e., carbonated, Ca-deficient apatitic calcium phosphate)

• How to coat implant materials with brushite, via aqueous solutions, instead of apatite, at room temperature instead of 37°C?

• Sol-gel dip coating of Ti-6Al-4V with bioactive apatitic calcium phosphate

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Novel methods of calcium phosphate biomaterial synthesis:

• Synthesis of large (6 to 7 microns) particles of carbonated, Na- and Mg-doped apatitic calcium phosphate bioceramic

• Elemental, metallic calcium (= Ca = calcium metal) (which causes in situ deprotonation in the solutions) used in synthesizing calcium phosphate bioceramics at room temperature

• Synthesis of macrogranules of brushite (DCPD, CaHPO₄·2H₂O) and octacalcium phosphate (OCP, Ca₈(HPO₄)₂(PO₄)₄ 5H₂O)

• Produced granules of micro- and macro-porous, carbonated, apatitic calcium phosphate: CalcibonGranules for hard tissue repair Its Patent & Its Article

• Synthesis of microgranules of brushite

• Completely monodisperse, non-agglomerated and optically transparent single crystals of hydroxyapatite by using the molten salt/flux synthesis (MSS) method

• Novel technique to synthesize nanowhiskers of apatitic calcium phosphates (Ap-CaP) from CaP powders: H₂O₂ solutions at 90 C

• How to produce single-phase, well-crystallized b-TCP nanoparticles/nanowhiskers at temperatures less than 250 C by using NaNO₃?

• Porous Bioceramics and Scaffolds

• Synthesis of struvite (MgNH₄PO₄·6H₂O)

• The first Rhenanite-apatitic calcium phosphate (NaCaPO₄- Ap-CaP) nano-biphasics

• Zn-doped apatitic calcium phosphates and Zn-doped TCP for skeletal repair and in vitro cell culture tests

• Nanowhiskers of non-toxic calcium phosphates by using NaNO₃ and Osteoblast Proliferation on whiskers

• Gelatin processing of calcium phosphate bioceramics

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Novel methods of synthesizing electronic and/or functional ceramics:

• Mn-doped ZnGa₂O₄ (zinc gallate) phosphor Nanopowders

• Synthesis of lanthanum gallate-based solid electrolyte / Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) ceramics (see link 1, link 2, link 3)

• Use of wet-chemical methods to synthesize nanomaterials: CaZrO₃, PbZrO₃, LaAlO₃, (Y, Ca)(Cr, Co)O₃ and Pb(Zr_0.52Ti_0.48)O3

• GaO(OH) submicron zeppelins (for GaN production)

• Hydrothermal synthesis of Dysprosium-doped BaTiO₃ to circumvent the excessive/abnormal grain growth phenomena in BaTiO₃

• Synthesis of SiO₂ spheres, single-phase Enstatite (MgSiO₃) and single-phase Cordierite (Mg₂Al₄Si₅O₁₈) using wet chemistry, followed by calcination

• Developed a low-temperature and upscalable method to synthesize all five calcium aluminate binary compounds of the CaO-Al₂O₃ system

• Crystal structure determination by Rietveld Analysis: 1.) Lanthanide pyrosilicates, 2.) Ca-hydroxyapatite, 3.) Ca₁₂Al₁₄O₃₃, 4.) LaAlO₃, 5.) Sr- and Zn-doped LaGaO₃

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

• Older Research Webpages (July 1993 to February 1999)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Technical Analysis Notes (2025-2026):

• Alkali ion (Na⁺ or K⁺) incorporation into the crystal structure of CaCO₃

• How to synthesize apatitic calcium phosphate, Ap-CaP?

• Amorphous magnesium carbonate (AMC)

• Amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC)

• Akermanite (Ca₂Mg(Si₂O₇)), Gehlenite (Ca₂Al(AlSiO₇)) and solid solution between the two

• Hydrous, crystalline forms of CaCO₃ – Monohydrocalcite and Ikaite

• Magnesian calcite globules of a sea star

• Calcium bicarbonate solutions

• Calcium carbosilicates

• Matters of Recency

• TGA data of two calcites and vaterite micropills

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Seminal Work of Others (that maybe useful for diverse audiences):

• Sydney Ringer’s historical paper (dated 1882) which led to the development of the Ringer s Solution

• Earle’s balanced salt solution (EBSS) paper (dated 1943) and the commercial EBSS recipe containing 27 mM HCO₃

• Hanks balanced salt solution (HBSS) paper (dated 1949) and the commercial HBSS recipe containing 4.2 mM HCO₃

• A milestone paper by E. Hayek and H. Newesely: Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite Powders (1963)

• What is hydroxyapatite? (1968, by E. C. Moreno, T. M. Gregory, and W. E. Brown)

• Werner STÖBER process for synthesizing monodisperse, monosize microspheres of X-ray amorphous silica (1968)

• Michael D. SACKS process for synthesizing monodisperse, monosize nanospheres of X-ray amorphous silica (1984)

• FTIR and XRD data of NIST-SRM 2910 hydroxyapatite (2004, by M. Markovic, B. O. Fowler, and M. S. Tung)

• NIST-SRM640c-silicon-standard for quantitative XRD work

• NIST-SRM676-alumina-standard for quantitative XRD work

• Heinrich Vater article on vaterite (1897)

• The-downside-of-incremental-publications

• CO₂ emission accompanying the fracture of calcite (1991, by J. T. Dickinson, L. C. Jensen, S. C. Langford, P. E. Rosenberg, and D. L. Blanchard)

• Prof. Bruce Railsback ® Geoscience Resources

• Prof. Bruce Railback ® Fundamentals of Mineralogy and Geochemistry

• How can one evaluate the blood compatibility of synthetic biomaterial surfaces?

• How serious the corrosion of metallic implants could be?

• Could wear particles from metallic implants end up in internal organs?

• Metal particles in liver and spleen from metallic implants

• In vivo degradation of Ti-6Al-4V hip joints with polymer liners

• What should one need to know about silver (Ag) nanoparticles?

• Apollo missions: amino acids found in lunar soil

• Amino acid (glycine) detected in the returned Stardust capsule

• Glycine detected in a coment

• In vitro production of amino acids Stanley Miller experiment of 1952-1953